Barriers Beyond the Partners: Bureaucratic and Political Constraints to Implementing Joint Forest Management in Tamil Nadu,India

Whereas past research has treated co-management of common pool resources as if villagers and project implementing authorities were the only relevant actors, numerous external factors beyond the control of these two partners create barriers to successful co-management. This paper draws on discussions with Forest Department officials to examine the influence of these forces on the outcomes of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in Tamil Nadu, India. An empirical inquiry into the operational aspects of JFM indicates the important roles of political parties, powerful people, and other state institutions and functionaries as well as the flow of foreign funding. Further, the strong demand by local people for socio-economic development interventions as opposed to improvement of degraded forests belittles the role of the Forest Department relative to other departments. Numerous other conditioning factors and relationships are explored. The authors call for reforms in public governance to allow better participation of all the actors involved for this participatory management approach to succeed and sustain.     

北京核与辐射恐怖事件风险分析

采用风险分类-要素分析-风险排序的思路,对北京市核与辐射恐怖事件风险进行分析。根据国际上1998—2006年该类恐怖事件的实例,从事件所涉及的材料、场所角度将核与辐射恐怖事件分为6大类。结合北京市的实际情况进行涉核恐怖事件的要素分析,将北京市各类场所划分为4类敏感区并与5类涉核恐怖事件结合起来,得到北京市核与辐射恐怖事件风险构成图。通过风险分析,笔者认为北京市发生核与辐射恐怖事件风险最大的场所为核研究机构,最容易发生的核与辐射恐怖事件类型为涉及放射源的恐怖事件,结合分析结果对从阻止、探测、响应3个层次上提出了奥运核安保工作的反核恐工作建议。     

东北亚地区沙尘暴监测合作机制研究

近年来,东北亚各国重视沙尘暴问题,开展了沙尘暴监测及研究等合作,逐步建立起东北亚地区沙尘暴监测合作机制.合作机制对推动东北亚地区共同治理沙尘暴问题具有积极意义.文章通过分析东北亚主要国家中国、日本和韩国的沙尘暴监测机制,探讨沙尘暴监测的合作机制模式,进而分析合作机制对推动各国在监测方法、管理机制等方面的促进作用.     

伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内除雾器性能研究

除雾器是湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统内重要的设备之一,其性能对WFGD系统运行的可靠性有重要影响.利用Fluent6.2软件对新型伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,气相采用RNG湍流模型,液相采用离散相模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算,分析塔内的折板除雾器和旋流板除雾器的速度场、压力场和液滴的分布情况.结果表明,烟气经过折板除雾器,产生了明显的压降,且在拐角区域湍流耗散强烈,是实现气液分离的关键区域;烟气经过旋流板除雾器,速度和压强分布具有良好的对称性,液滴被气流旋转抛向壁面实现气液分离.模拟结果对新型的WFGD除雾器的设计和运行具有一定的理论指导意义.     

区域水战略方案选优的动态组合评价模型研究

水安全危机是人类进入新世纪以来在生存及发展方面所面临的最严重挑战之一。研究科学合理的水安全战略成为区域可持续发展的重大课题。针对区域水战略问题涉及众多因素且各因素之间动态关联的特点，提出了基于水战略方案优选的兼容度极大化动态组合评价模型（CMM—DCEM），并将其成功地应用于我国广东省北江下游及其三角洲地区水安全战略方案优选评价。评价结果及模型基于不确定性的敏感性分析结果证明：CMM—DCEM实现了主、客观赋权方法以及单一评价模型的融合，使用实码加速遗传算法求解目标函数，克服了传统的组合评价方法计算繁琐的不足，评价过程更加科学合理。     

农村饮用水安全及其对策措施

针对农村饮用水安全总体状况及存在的问题,如工农业点面源、生活污染源造成农村水环境污染,饮用水质超标,季节性缺水、供水设施简单、制水工艺不足、供水水质二次污染,水源保护及水质监测不力、行业管理服务滞后等,强调"以人为本"的原则,正确认识农村饮用水安全内涵及卫生指标体系。采取加大工程建设方案优化力度、增强饮水工程规划设计的科学性、兴办乡村供水工程、采用合理的水处理技术设施、加强水质检测建设等工程措施,以及严防农村点与面源污染、加强农村水源地保护、创新农村饮用水安全管理制度及监督措施、完善农村饮水安全监测体系、积极研究农村饮水安全问题等措施,保障农村饮水安全。     

压力板仪法测土-水特征曲线试验研究

非饱和土土-水特征曲线(SWCC)表示了土中含水量与吸力之间的关系。针对非饱和土干-湿循环过程中的吸力变化特征,开展试验研究。采用体积压力板仪实现非饱和土的脱湿和吸湿过程。试验成果显示:(1)土-水特征曲线是不稳定的,它与土体含水率的变化路径有关;(2)在干湿循环过程中,相同的基质吸力具有不同的含水量。     

湖泊水质模型研究进展

湖泊是最重要的淡水资源之一，对社会和经济的发展起着不可估量的作用。保护和改善湖泊水环境问题已成为当前世界关注的一个焦点。湖泊水质模型是一种利用数学语言来描述湖泊污染过程中的物理、化学、生物化学及生物生态各方面之内在规律和相互联系的手段。作为湖泊水环境污染治理、规划决策分析中的一个重要工具，它可以为湖泊的综合整治和科学管理提供科学的依据，在环境保护领域中发挥着举足轻重的作用。分别介绍了湖泊水质模型国内外研究动态、类型、常用软件（WASP、EFDC、CE QUAL W2、CE QUAL R1、CE QUAL ICM、MIKE、SMS等）和应用实例，并综观湖泊水质模型的研究历史和应用前景，系统分析了湖泊水质模型研究的发展趋势。     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.